VISA explores the offline exchange of digital cash and how it could benefit consumers and economies, everywhere
https://usa.visa.com/visa-everywhere/blog/bdp/2020/12/17/central-bank-digital-1608165518834.html
Tackling design hurdles in Offline Transaction
As central banks consider frameworks for reaping the benefits of CBDC, some common design challenges have emerged. For example, how might digital currencies be exchanged in person, when neither the buyer nor the seller has a connection to the internet? Today the only reliable, real-time medium of exchange in an offline context is physical cash. For CBDC to have utility as an alternative to physical cash, it must be useable for face-to-face transactions occurring offline.
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